Ur (rune)
| Name | Proto-Germanic | Old English | Old Norse | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *Ūruz/*Ūrą | Ūr | Ȳr | Úr | stung Úr | |
| "aurochs"/"water" | "aurochs" | ? | “windy, cold drizzle/snowfall” “dross” | ||
| Shape | Elder Futhark | Futhorc | Younger Futhark | ||
 | |  | |  | |
| Unicode | ᚢ U+16A2 | ᚢ U+16A2 | ᚣ U+16A3 | ᚢ U+16A2 | ᚤ U+16A4 |
| Transliteration | u | u | y | u | y |
| Transcription | u | u | y | u, o, y, œ w / v | y, œ v |
| IPA | [u(ː)] | [u(ː)] | [y(ː)] | [u] ⓘ [ø] ⓘ [y] ⓘ [œ] ⓘ [v] ⓘ [w] ⓘ | [y] ⓘ [œ] ⓘ [v] ⓘ |
| Position in rune-row | 2 | 2 | 27 | 2₁ | 2₂ |
Ur is the recorded name for the rune ᚢ in both Old English and Old Norse, found as the second rune in all runic alphabets (futharks), i.e. Germanic Elder Futhark, Anglo-Frisian Futhark and Norse Younger Futhark. It corresponds to the letter u in the Latin alphabet, but also carries other sound values, especially in Younger Futhark, were its sound values correspond to the vowels: [u] ⓘ, [ø] ⓘ, [y] ⓘ and [œ] ⓘ etc., and the consonants: [v] ⓘ and [w] ⓘ etc., in the Latin alphabet.
It may have been derived from the Raetic alphabet character u as it is similar in both shape and sound value. It is also found as the 16th letter in the Gothic alphabet (𐌿), the corresponding name being urus.
Elder name
[edit]The rune is recorded in all three rune poems (Old English, Norwegian, Icelandic), and it is called Ur in all, however with different meanings in each.[1]
Because of this, it is difficult to reconstruct a Proto-Germanic name for the Elder Futhark rune. It may have been *ūruz "aurochs" (see also Bull worship), based on the Old English rune poem, the oldest recorded of the three, or *ūrą "water", based on the Icelandic rune poems (and to some extent the Norwegian rune poem),[2] with both Proto-Germanic words, however, possibly stemming from the same root.[3]
The aurochs name is preferred by authors of modern runic divination systems, but both seem possible, compared to the names of the other runes: "water" would be comparable to "hail" and "lake", and "aurochs" to "horse" or "elk" (although the latter name is itself uncertain). The Gothic alphabet seems to support "aurochs" as the prior name, though: as the name of the letter 𐌿 u is urus.
Old English rune poem
[edit]In the Old English rune poem, recorded in the 8th or 9th century, the rune is named Ūr, Old English for “aurochs” (compare with Old Norse: úrr),[3] stemming from a Proto-Germanic word: *ūruz.
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Old English (8th–9th c.)
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English Translation:
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Norwegian rune poem
[edit]In the Norwegian rune poem, recorded in the 13th century, the rune is named úr, with the Old Norwegian meaning of “dross, slag”. This sense is obscure, but may be an Iron Age technical term derived from the word for water (compare the Kalevala, where iron is compared to milk).
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Old Norwegian (13th c.)
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English Translation:
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Icelandic rune poem
[edit]In the Icelandic rune poems, recorded in the 16th century, the rune is named úr, an Old Norse word describing some type of cold damp precipitation weather (related to Old English: ēar, “wave, sea”, potentially also “urine”).[4] It stems from a Proto-Germanic word: *ūrą, possibly begun by a w-, as found in related words (Swedish: var, “pus”, Old English: wær, “sea”) and historical variants of úr (Old Swedish: vur),[4] as Proto-Germanic words starting with a w, followed by o or u, generally lost the w-sound when evolving from Proto-Norse into Old Norse (compare Proto-Germanic: *wulfaz, “wolf”, Old Norse: ulfr).[5]
There are several Icelandic manuscripts with rune poems, all varying to some degree. The oldest manustript, catalogued as AM687d, is from around 1500. The second oldest, catalogued as AM461, is from around 1550. These have been noted to be hard to read, thus the transliterations might be incorrect.[6]
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Icelandic (ca. 1500):
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English Translation:
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Icelandic (ca. 1550):
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English Translation:
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The definition of úr warries between the Nordic languages. In Old Icelandic, the word (úr) is recorded as meaning “drizzle”, “light rain” and thereof (in the sense of “cold and damp weather”).[7][8][4] In Old and Contemporary Swedish, the word (ur) essentially means “blustery and profuse snowfall, sleet or rain” etc, if not outright “bad weather”.[4] In Danish and Norwegian, the word (ur) means “northern rainclouds”,[4] or just “rainclouds”, but also “cold, biting draft” and thereof etc.[9] There is also a variant, ýr (yr), in all Nordic languages, meaning “drizzle” in Old Icelandic,[10] including “fine dense snowfall” and “snowstorm” in Norwegian and Swedish.[11][12] A derivative, yra (a verb), also exist, meaning “to drizzle” and thereof in Old Icelandic,[10][13] and “swirl, whirl, drift”, in the sense of snow, sand, dust affected by the wind, in Swedish, etc.[14]
Variants
[edit]ᚣ (Ȳr) – Anglo-Frisian Futhorc
[edit]The Anglo-Frisian Futhark has a modified Ūr ᚢ, fitted with a detached vertical line in the cavity ᚣ, which was given the sound value [y] ⓘ. It was named Ȳr and corresponded to the letter y in the Latin alphabet.
Its position in the Anglo-Frisian rune-row differs between sources and was probably never standardised, but today it is generally placed at position 27.
ᚤ (stung Úr) – Norse Younger Futhark
[edit]In the 11th century, a new writing rule was introduced to the Younger Futhark, in the form of stung runes (also called dotted runes), in which stings, i.e. dots, could be added to a rune to indicate a secondary sound value.
The stung Úr ᚤ primarily carried the sound value [y] ⓘ and corresponds to the letter y in the Latin alphabet (unicode name: Runic Letter Y), but it also carries the sound value [œ] ⓘ and seldom even [v] ⓘ, the latter of which was also carried by the stung Fé ᚡ (unicode name: Runic Letter V). During this late Younger Futhark period, the sound value [y] was synonymously carried by the rune Yr ᛦ, as its previous sound value, [ʀ] ⓘ, was given to the rune Reið ᚱ. In the following medieval runic alphabet, the sound value [œ] ⓘ was covered by its own rune, a reversed Óss ᚯ (unicode: Runic Letter Oe).
Stung runes are not separate runes from their base form in the Futhark order and thus has the same positions as their main counterpart. In the medieval runic alphabet they instead has the position of their corresponding Latin character.
References
[edit]- ^ Original poems and translation from the Rune Poem Page Archived 1999-05-01 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Page, R.I. (2005). Runes, page 15. The British Museum Press ISBN 0-7141-8065-3
- ^ a b "ur subst.1". saob.se (in Swedish). Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB). 2012. Retrieved 2024-07-02.
- ^ a b c d e "ur subst.2". saob.se (in Swedish). Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB). 2012. Retrieved 2024-07-02.
- ^ "Ulv och varg". ordbruket.com (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2009-09-27. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
- ^ Crawford, Jackson. "The Icelandic Rune Poem". youtube.com. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
- ^ Cleasby, Richard; Gudbrand Vigfusson; Dasent, George Webbe (1874). An Icelandic-English dictionary, based on the ms. collections of the late Richard Cleasby. Enl. and completed by Gudbrand Vigfússon. With an introd. and life of Richard Cleasby by George Webbe Dasent. p. 669. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
- ^ Cleasby, Richard; Gudbrand Vigfusson (1910). A concise dictionary of old Icelandic. p. 460. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
- ^ "ur". Bokmålsordboka | Nynorskordboka.
- ^ a b Cleasby, Richard; Gudbrand Vigfusson; Dasent, George Webbe (1874). An Icelandic-English dictionary, based on the ms. collections of the late Richard Cleasby. Enl. and completed by Gudbrand Vigfússon. With an introd. and life of Richard Cleasby by George Webbe Dasent. p. 669. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
- ^ "ur". Bokmålsordboka | Nynorskordboka.
- ^ "yr subst". saob.se (in Swedish). Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB). 2021. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
- ^ Cleasby, Richard; Gudbrand Vigfusson (1910). A concise dictionary of old Icelandic. p. 460. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
- ^ "yra v.1". saob.se (in Swedish). Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB). 2021. Retrieved 2024-07-18.